Friday, June 25, 2021

Parsing the Eucharist II

Of course the issue which has sucked all the oxygen out of the room regarding the USCCB virtual meeting is whether or not President Joe Biden should be allowed to received Communion.  But that was actually not the only issue discussed.  One of them was the ongoing discussion of the infamous survey which indicated that 60-70% of Catholics did not believe in the Real Presence. This has been the cause of real anguish among clergy, catechists, and hierarchy who despair that we are failing to pass along the basics of the faith to Catholics.  I think these people should take heart that the situation is not as dire as they imagine.  I actually wrote about this in 2019 , hence the title of this post as Parsing the Eucharist II. I still feel that the survey was flawed; and how could it fail to be, since it tried to describe one of the "big three" mysteries of Catholic belief, the other two being the Trinity and the Incarnation.  

I have since some across an article  by Deacon Steven Greydanus which is the best explanation I have come across of  Christ's real presence in the Eucharist:

"When I was first trying, as a young non-Catholic, to understand what exactly Catholic theology claims in regard to Christ’s presence in the Eucharist, I was much helped by the discovery that there is one important way in which Christ is said not to be present in the Eucharist.  He is said to be present really and substantially, physically and spiritually, in his body and in his blood, in his humanity and divinity — but he is “not present as in a place,” according to Thomas Aquinas, or “not locally present” in the words of Cardinal Newman."

"Only in heaven is Christ’s body “locally present” or “present as in a place”; his mode of presence in the Eucharist is different and “nonlocal.”

"What does “nonlocal presence” mean? To approach this idea, here are some practical implications:

  1. When the priest elevates the host, Christ’s body is not elevated in space. You can move the host around as much as you want, but Christ is not moved in space.
  2. Christ’s body is not spatially distributed throughout the host (“after the proper manner of dimensive quantity” in Aquinas’s language), the way locally present bodies are distributed in space, with part here and part there. Rather, the entire Christ is fully present in every particle of the host and in every drop of the precious “blood.” (I use quotation marks to emphasize that the contents of the chalice are the whole Christ, body and blood, as much as the host. When we differentiate between the sacramental “body” and “blood,” as if Jesus’ body and blood were separated in the sacrament, we are speaking symbolically, not literally.)   
  3. As a direct consequence of this non-distributed mode of presence, when the priest breaks the host, Christ is not broken. And, of course, when we chew the host, Christ is not mangled.
  4. Also, obviously, twice as much Eucharist is not twice as much Christ. You don’t receive any more Jesus if you receive both the host and from the chalice, nor do you receive less if you receive only one or the other. Half a host, or any fraction of a host, or two hosts, are all exactly the same: the whole Christ.
I can see the impossibility of fitting these concepts into three sentences of a survey.  A mystery by definition can't be understood by our finite minds. Maybe the clergy should relax a bit, Catholics may be in a better place as far as faith than they imagine.  It's okay to believe, but not entirely understand.  I notice that virtually everyone either genuflects or bows in the direction of the tabernacle when they enter the church. They know that Christ is really present.

7 comments:

  1. I find the deacon's approach more accessible than the concept of transsubstantiation. My trouble with TS is that it's in Aristotelian terms to which I can't relate. Real Presence means Real Presence to me and I don't require an explanation based on other categories. It's a given provided by faith and can be discussed in theological language. Also, I like Teilhard's mystical meditation on the Eucharist. I think TS fences in the meaning of the Eucharist. I also like Flannery O'Connor's portrayal of the Eucharist in her second novel "The Violent Bear It Away" in terms of the protagonist's growing desperate hunger.

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    1. I haven't read Teilhard's meditation yet. I will have to look it up.

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    2. Couldn't get it as a link, Katherine. Google "teilhard mass on the world". There's a downloadable pdf. I should reread it myself.

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  2. Thanks for introducing me to the concept of “nonlocal” presence which applies both to the Eucharistic Sacrifice as well as to the Eucharistic presence.

    I was much helped by the discovery that there is one important way in which Christ is said not to be present in the Eucharist. He is said to be present really and substantially, physically and spiritually, in his body and in his blood, in his humanity and divinity — but he is “not present as in a place,” according to Thomas Aquinas, or “not locally present” in the words of Cardinal Newman."

    "Only in heaven is Christ’s body “locally present” or “present as in a place”; his mode of presence in the Eucharist is different and “nonlocal.”

    Yes, cosmic! Because even when it is celebrated on the humble altar of a country church, the Eucharist is always in some way celebrated on the altar of the world. It unites heaven and earth. It embraces and permeates all creation.


    It has always seemed to me that there was something wrong with the traditional presentations of the Eucharist and Communion because they seemed to excessively localize the presence of Christ. It was as if we locked him up in the Mass and in the tabernacle. This tended to make the Church far too dependent upon the clergy, and also far too parochial.

    After Vatican II we began to affirm the presence of Christ in the Liturgy of the Word and in the people. To say that the presence of Christ in the Eucharist and in Communion was symbolical was true, after all that is what sacramental in part means. Eucharist and Communion are signs of something greater that the rites that are taking place. However the symbol notion did not really capture the “something greater.”

    And of course the something greater Is the whole cosmic Christian mystery of the Incarnation, Passion, Death, Resurrection, and Pentecost which join us to the liturgy of the heavenly banquet. While liturgy pervades and is incarnated in space and time, we are indeed transfigured beyond space and time.

    I have always felt even when celebrating the Divine Office that I am celebrating with everyone past, present and future as well as the angelic liturgy of eternity.

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  3. "have always felt even when celebrating the Divine Office that I am celebrating with everyone past, present and future as well as the angelic liturgy of eternity."
    That is a beautiful thought, Jack.

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  4. A couple of weeks ago we celebrated Corpus Christi Sunday. There is a long sequence associated with the feast, Lauda Sion. It is in the missalette but we rarely pray it. Once in a while we'll sing 3 or 4 verses of it. But I always like to read through it.

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